'Nuff said

(Taking context-optional note of thought-provoking quotes)

We have witnessed with shame the horrible events that occurred in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia and even here in Kenya. Thousands of Africans have been killed and displaced, women raped and forced to live as sex slaves, property destroyed and communities displaced.
As a Kenyan, and as an African woman, I can affirm that whether it is here in Kenya or in Darfur, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in the Central African Republic or in Uganda, the need for justice is universal. The ICC is bringing us hope that we can finally see the fulfilment of the right of the victims to learn the truth, to see the perpetrators of these crimes tried, and to receive reparation. The only reason we might fear ICC is if we are guilty.

-- The 2004 Nobel Peace Prizewinner, Dr. Wangari Maathai (above left), in an op-ed, which she published yesterday in the Nairobi-based Daily Nation, reflecting on the work of the Kampala International Criminal Court Conference. (credit for photo by Martin Rowe)

Dark Days in Darfur

(Another in IntLawGrrls' series of posts in connection with the Kampala Conference)

The crisis in Darfur remains on the international criminal justice agenda, not only at the ongoing International Criminal Court Review Conference ongoing in Uganda, but also, sadly, in that Sudanese region some thousand miles to the northwest of Kampala. (map credit)

In Kampala, Uganda

► At the Kampala Conference, a demand that Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir be held accountable for crimes committed in Darfur, particularly those against women and children, was made by the Nobel Women's Initiative, an Ottawa-based NGO founded in 2006 by 6 Peace Laureates: Jody Williams of the United States, Shirin Ebadi of Iran, Rigoberta Menchú of Guatemala, Irishwomen Betty Williams and Máiread Maguire, and Dr. Wangari Maathai of Kenya.

► Meanwhile, remarks this past weekend by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni (prior IntLawGrrls post) prompted reports that Bashir had not been invited to the African Union summit scheduled for next month in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. As a Voice of America dispatch explained:

Uganda is a member nation of the ICC, and theoretically would be required to arrest Mr. Bashir if he attended the AU meeting.

But yesterday the BBC reported that after expressions of "outrage" in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, "Uganda's foreign ministry issued a statement to 'clarify' that Mr Bashir had been invited to the summit of African leaders." It's now said that the 1st statement was "misconstrued" from a remark that Bashir is in any event unlikely to attend.

In Darfur, Sudan

► Those events to the southeast occurred against the backdrop of a sharp rise in violence in Darfur itself. Dispatches this week cited a African Union/United Nations hybrid peacekeeping operation in Darfur (UNAMID) report that 600 people died in Darfur during the month of May, "the highest monthly toll since peacekeepers were deployed in 2008."

Casualties spiked after a breakdown in peace talks.

After multiparty elections in April -- Sudan's first in 24 years -- the rebels of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) claimed that the government had launched new raids against it, and thus walked out of negotiations then under way in Qatar. JEM announced on Monday that it intended to continue to boycott the talks, and asserted that its forces are clashing "continuously" with the Sudanese army.

Peace, justice

It is unclear whether the increase of violence and this international pressure are connected. Any possibility of a link certainly plays into one of the deepest fears voiced about the International Criminal Court, and about international prosecutions generally: that prosecutions may upset the extraordinarily fragile peace of a post-conflict nation. This "peace vs. justice" argument often is advanced as a reason that countries are reluctant to prosecute war criminals -- sometimes even decades later, as has been discussed in IntLawGrrls' series on Khmer Rouge accountability in Cambodia.

Risks seem especially high in the case of Darfur.

► On the one hand, the situation in that region of Sudan marks the first time that the ICC has issued an arrest warrant for a sitting head of state. This occurred -- and continues to occur -- amid a crisis that can hardly be said to have reached the "post-conflict" stage. The warrant issued despite the absence of ICC power actually to arrest Bashir, and despite the absence of any U.N. Security Council action to effect that arrest. This standoff may be seen as an invitation to further violence and oppression.

► On the other hand, the prospect of regional policing holds some promise. While Sudan's indicted President (right) has reportedly travelled abroad "in defiance" of the warrant for his arrest, Bashir evidently has avoided ICC member states as destinations. This leaves one with the idealistic thought that perhaps he might dare Uganda and be arrested there next month -- not to mention the overly idealistic dream that his arrest would end the cycle of violence in Darfur.

But, like most issues, the question is not nearly so simple.

While international pressure to prosecute, particularly for crimes of gender-based violence, is a good thing, the international community must also pressure all warring parties in Sudan to come back to the negotiating table. It is only with peace that prosecutions will be meaningful symbols of justice in Darfur.

Afriqueries Answered

Answers to the IntLawGrrls puzzler above, "Afriqueries," put together courtesy of an African Union webpage:

a) 3 of the 18 Nobel laureates are women: Kenyan environmental activist Wangari Muta Mathaai (right; prior IntLawGrrls posts) and South African author Nadine Gordimer (left), and from the African diaspora, the American author Toni Morrison (below left; prior post).

b) 10 of the 18 won the Peace Prize. From Africa itself, they are (in addition to Mathaai, introduced in (a) above): International Atomic Energy Agency leader Mohamed ElBaradei of Egypt (prior post), former U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan (prior posts), former South African Presidents Nelson Mandela (prior posts) and F.W. de Klerk, the late Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (prior posts), Archbishop Desmond Tutu (prior post), and the late South African anti-apartheid leader Albert John Lutuli. From the African diaspora, 2 Americans, the late diplomat Ralph Bunche (prior post) and the late civil rights activist Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. (prior posts).

c) The other fields of achievement are Literature, with 6 prizewinners from Africa and its diaspora, and Chemistry and Economics, each with 1 African prizewinner.

On October 8, ...

... 2004, Kenyan environmentalist Dr. Wangari Maathai became the 1st African woman ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. As early as 1976 she had advocated the planting of trees as part of a Green Belt Movement (about which she's written the book at left); 30 million were planted across the continent. A parliamentarian and professor, she is also an activist for women's rights.
... 1643, Jeanne Mance (right), 39, opened the Hôtel Dieu, the 1st hospital in Montréal and the 1st lay hospital anywhere in North America. Herself the continent's 1st lay nurse, Mance cared for indigenous Canadians and French settlers until her death in 1673. (photo of stained-glass window depicting Mance © Religieuses Hospitalières de Saint-Joseph and Hôtel-Dieu du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal)