"Earthquake! We see the earth shake! But the soul of the Haitian people, It will never break!"
--Wyclef Jean
The Fundamentals
First things first. Like all IntLawGrrls and people around the world, I express my deepest condolences to the hundreds of thousands who lost loved ones in the Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010. Our true feelings are beyond written expression.
We—the transnational or global “community”—must continue to support the Haitian people in their struggle for survival against the natural and man-made challenges arrayed against them.
In the first moments and days of crisis and catastrophe, no one (should have) needed legal provisions or principles to understand certain aspects of "the right thing to do." And, from Port-au-Prince, we saw that the vast majority did not. Neighbors and family members used their bare hands, blowtorches, hammers, and whatever tools they could find to answer the cries of those trapped under rubble. Survivors shared what little food or water could be salvaged from destroyed kitchens. Instant caregivers stabilizing broken bones with wood and cardboard and string, then ran through the streets carrying survivors toward emergency help. Pick-up truck and cab drivers became ambulance and hearse drivers.
Husbands and mothers waited for their wives and children, hearing faint voices in reality or only in their hearts and would not give up for days past what seemed to be the limits of survivability. And miracles happened. A 5-year old boy, then a 15-year old girl, did not give up even though trapped under tons of debris.
Self-help, Social Media, and "Old" Media Too
Anxious relatives and friends in New York, Miami, Boston, and other Haitian-American enclaves tried downed phone lines, then flooded Twitter and Facebook with information and requests for information about loved ones. Radio Haiti stayed on the air, relaying information throughout the country and to radio stations in the U.S. People shared information through Skype, and when cellphone networks went back up, even transferred text messages from underneath the rubble to rescue crews.
A Transnational Community
Rescue teams, physicians, nurses, and health workers from Jamaica, Cuba, France, Israel, the United States, Venezuela, Poland, and elsewhere threw their gear into bags and hopped on planes.
Adoption agencies worked with governments to speed through adoptions for children and already vetted prospective parents. Once a few banks and cash transfer agencies opened, remittances from the Haitian diaspora flowed like water into the country—even though the thousands waiting in long lines to receive them often could not gain access. Pre-earthquake estimates put remittances to Haiti from emigrants at 1.5 billion U.S. dollars annually.
Lawyers and law students held training sessions to assist Haitians in the United States obtain “temporary protected status” (TPS). Members of the Congressional Black Caucus and other legislators worked to pass bills aimed at increasing aid or supporting the cancellation of Haiti's foreign debt.
And the U.S. President and First Lady, keenly aware of the ongoing failures surrounding Hurricane Katrina (see posts here), sent strong statements of support, aid appropriations, (controversial) military support, and set up a bipartisan fund for private donations.
Even the news media sometimes dropped their cameras, or used them to direct rescue workers or aid agencies to areas where they were needed. Of course, they were needed everywhere….
Hollywood and New York entertainers used their talent to hold telethons like "Hope for Haiti Now" that kept attention focused, spirits uplifted, and the material support flowing.
In amazing acts of faith, resilience, and defiance, the people, who had nothing but their spirit, sang and marched through ruined streets…
The Impact of History
Nevertheless, human history is also full of the worst expressions of cruelty, self-interest, and ignorance as well. The legacy of such horrors and abuse have left their mark on Haiti as well. Haiti, a former French colony, was initially a place for French planters and colonial elites to grow rich on the backs of African slave laborers. Those kidnapped to the island were often, and quite deliberately, worked to death. The trade in sugar, rum (see IntLawGrrl Marjorie Florestal’s series on “the story of rum” here), and African peoples made the country a focus of international policy and conflict from the beginning.
Astonishingly, only days after the earthquake, a few misguided and uninformed U.S. opinion pieces speculated that the country’s contemporary poverty and lack of disaster response infrastructure should be laid squarely at the feet of “culture” or even religious tradition.
Thankfully, historians, legal and human rights advocates, and Haitian-Americans of all walks of life continue to correct the record. Among other things, the Haitian revolution of 1791-1803, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture (left, image credit here; prior post) resulted in the first successful African-led rebellion against slavery and colonialism in the West. The reverberations of Haiti's independence in 1804 were, and are, enormous: the Louisiana Purchase that opened westward expansion of the United States; a demand that Haiti pay bankrupting war "reparations" to France for lost "property" that included the former slaves themselves; support for African-American and Latin American liberation struggles; U.S. occupation of the country in pursuit of commercial and strategic interests; the encouragement of racial and class divides based on color and language; foreign covert support for ruthless dictators like “Papa Doc” and “Baby Doc” Duvalier and their tontons macoutes; discriminatory migration policies toward Haitian “boat people”; and international aid and economic policies that further undermined economic and human development.
Selected Resources
There are many historical, political, cultural, and legal accounts of Haiti's complex legacy. A few recent opinion-pieces and books follow:
►Sir Hilary Beckles, “The Hate and the Quake—Rebuilding Haiti” The Nation (Barbados)
►Guy-Uriel Charles, “Stop Calling Quake Victims 'Looters'”
►Mark Danner, "To Heal Haiti, Look to History, Not Nature"
►Edwidge Danticat, The Dew-Breaker
►Edwidge Danticat, Brother, I'm Dying
►Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor
►Tracy Kidder, Mountains Beyond Mountains: Healing the World: the Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer
The Fundamentals
First things first. Like all IntLawGrrls and people around the world, I express my deepest condolences to the hundreds of thousands who lost loved ones in the Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010. Our true feelings are beyond written expression.
We—the transnational or global “community”—must continue to support the Haitian people in their struggle for survival against the natural and man-made challenges arrayed against them.
In the first moments and days of crisis and catastrophe, no one (should have) needed legal provisions or principles to understand certain aspects of "the right thing to do." And, from Port-au-Prince, we saw that the vast majority did not. Neighbors and family members used their bare hands, blowtorches, hammers, and whatever tools they could find to answer the cries of those trapped under rubble. Survivors shared what little food or water could be salvaged from destroyed kitchens. Instant caregivers stabilizing broken bones with wood and cardboard and string, then ran through the streets carrying survivors toward emergency help. Pick-up truck and cab drivers became ambulance and hearse drivers.
Husbands and mothers waited for their wives and children, hearing faint voices in reality or only in their hearts and would not give up for days past what seemed to be the limits of survivability. And miracles happened. A 5-year old boy, then a 15-year old girl, did not give up even though trapped under tons of debris.
Self-help, Social Media, and "Old" Media Too
Anxious relatives and friends in New York, Miami, Boston, and other Haitian-American enclaves tried downed phone lines, then flooded Twitter and Facebook with information and requests for information about loved ones. Radio Haiti stayed on the air, relaying information throughout the country and to radio stations in the U.S. People shared information through Skype, and when cellphone networks went back up, even transferred text messages from underneath the rubble to rescue crews.
A Transnational Community
Rescue teams, physicians, nurses, and health workers from Jamaica, Cuba, France, Israel, the United States, Venezuela, Poland, and elsewhere threw their gear into bags and hopped on planes.
Adoption agencies worked with governments to speed through adoptions for children and already vetted prospective parents. Once a few banks and cash transfer agencies opened, remittances from the Haitian diaspora flowed like water into the country—even though the thousands waiting in long lines to receive them often could not gain access. Pre-earthquake estimates put remittances to Haiti from emigrants at 1.5 billion U.S. dollars annually.
Lawyers and law students held training sessions to assist Haitians in the United States obtain “temporary protected status” (TPS). Members of the Congressional Black Caucus and other legislators worked to pass bills aimed at increasing aid or supporting the cancellation of Haiti's foreign debt.
And the U.S. President and First Lady, keenly aware of the ongoing failures surrounding Hurricane Katrina (see posts here), sent strong statements of support, aid appropriations, (controversial) military support, and set up a bipartisan fund for private donations.
Even the news media sometimes dropped their cameras, or used them to direct rescue workers or aid agencies to areas where they were needed. Of course, they were needed everywhere….
Hollywood and New York entertainers used their talent to hold telethons like "Hope for Haiti Now" that kept attention focused, spirits uplifted, and the material support flowing.
In amazing acts of faith, resilience, and defiance, the people, who had nothing but their spirit, sang and marched through ruined streets…
The Impact of History
Nevertheless, human history is also full of the worst expressions of cruelty, self-interest, and ignorance as well. The legacy of such horrors and abuse have left their mark on Haiti as well. Haiti, a former French colony, was initially a place for French planters and colonial elites to grow rich on the backs of African slave laborers. Those kidnapped to the island were often, and quite deliberately, worked to death. The trade in sugar, rum (see IntLawGrrl Marjorie Florestal’s series on “the story of rum” here), and African peoples made the country a focus of international policy and conflict from the beginning.
Astonishingly, only days after the earthquake, a few misguided and uninformed U.S. opinion pieces speculated that the country’s contemporary poverty and lack of disaster response infrastructure should be laid squarely at the feet of “culture” or even religious tradition.
Thankfully, historians, legal and human rights advocates, and Haitian-Americans of all walks of life continue to correct the record. Among other things, the Haitian revolution of 1791-1803, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture (left, image credit here; prior post) resulted in the first successful African-led rebellion against slavery and colonialism in the West. The reverberations of Haiti's independence in 1804 were, and are, enormous: the Louisiana Purchase that opened westward expansion of the United States; a demand that Haiti pay bankrupting war "reparations" to France for lost "property" that included the former slaves themselves; support for African-American and Latin American liberation struggles; U.S. occupation of the country in pursuit of commercial and strategic interests; the encouragement of racial and class divides based on color and language; foreign covert support for ruthless dictators like “Papa Doc” and “Baby Doc” Duvalier and their tontons macoutes; discriminatory migration policies toward Haitian “boat people”; and international aid and economic policies that further undermined economic and human development.Selected Resources
There are many historical, political, cultural, and legal accounts of Haiti's complex legacy. A few recent opinion-pieces and books follow:
►Sir Hilary Beckles, “The Hate and the Quake—Rebuilding Haiti” The Nation (Barbados)
►Guy-Uriel Charles, “Stop Calling Quake Victims 'Looters'”
►Mark Danner, "To Heal Haiti, Look to History, Not Nature"
►Edwidge Danticat, The Dew-Breaker
►Edwidge Danticat, Brother, I'm Dying
►Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor
►Tracy Kidder, Mountains Beyond Mountains: Healing the World: the Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer
►Randall Robinson, An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, from Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President
Guiding Principles
Positive initial reactions to disaster are often motivated by the best of what humanity has to offer. We’ve seen authentic miracles and authentic heroes and heroines go into and come out of the devastation. Their acts of courage and survival are beyond the confines of the law and legality. They rest firmly in morality and the resilience of the human spirit.
But even good intentions can be counter-productive or even harmful if states, humanitarian agencies, and ordinary people abandon the lessons of law and policy entirely. Transnational law helps to provide a much-needed framework for risk-reduction, preparedness, and responses that respect, protect, and fulfill human rights.
Here are a few key points from the “soft law” instruments (that draw on “hard” international treaties and customary norms) such as the “Hyogo Declaration on Disaster Reduction” (prior IntLawGrrls post) and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
State Responsibility. Although massive mobilization among charitable individuals and humanitarian organizations is essential and to be encouraged at a moment of crisis, the primary responsibility for reducing risk, preparing for disasters, and responding to them, rests with states. Where, as in the case of Haiti, there was significant logistical breakdown of the central government because of the disaster itself, the international community, in the form of the United Nations, must support legitimate governmental capacity in a coordinated way.
Why? NGOs, preferably those that are local or that have built long-term relationships with people on the ground often can move more quickly and determine key areas of need. They also have obligations to respect and protect human rights under the Guiding Principles. But it is governments that have the large-scale and sustainable capacity to provide earthmoving equipment, helicopters, planes, ships, and trucks, and to set up fully-equipped medical triage and treatment areas.
Obviously, individual small states, especially ones with already limited infrastructure, cannot do this alone where the needs of millions are involved. That is why, prior to disaster, all governments should be pressured to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law and to assist others in doing so. When called upon by a government in need or by an international body such as the UN, governments around the world should be ready to respond quickly, efficiently, and without inappropriate strings attached.
Preparedness and Risk-reduction
Some lessons have been learned from the South Asian Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and other environmental disasters. Although certain disasters cannot be prevented, many can be prepared for. Building codes can be established and enforced, levees can be built to appropriate strength, tsunami warning systems can be established. Trade and agricultural policies that force rural to urban migration and urban overcrowding can be changed. Emergency supplies can be decentralized (a lesson of the tsunami) so that they can be better and more widely distributed even when roads are impassable. Evacuation plans should be in place. Governments and the international community need not wait for the heart-rending photos and videos to appear before taking action.
Coordination
Media and eyewitness reports in Haiti indicate that coordination has been haphazard and slow. Among other things, the UN peacekeeping mission to Haiti lost many of its most experienced people on the ground when a key office building collapsed. The initial outpouring of compassion is crucial, but so is coordination and planning. First responders, aid agencies, community leaders, the news media, local police, and the military must set up triage stations throughout the affected areas, assess the most urgent needs, and drop cross-organization barriers to the exchange of information.
“Vulnerable” Groups
I sometimes resist using the term of art “vulnerable groups” in humanitarian contexts because it seems to reinforce the popular perception that all survivors of disaster or displacement are helpless. The heroism of many Haitian survivors should demonstrate that that is not the case.
Yet, indeed, certain groups tend to be the most targeted or neglected in the days and weeks following a disaster.
Children: Thousands of children lost parents in the disaster. Speaking of culture and community, many are, or will be, cared for by surviving relatives or neighbors. But the Haiti disaster was so extensive that thousands of children may be left without adult care or supervision because so many adults have been killed or severely injured. Providing clean water, emergency medical care, food, and shelter to children must be at the top of the agenda.
As difficult as it is even to write, there are reports of actual or attempted child trafficking of unaccompanied or orphaned children. Needless to say, trafficking in persons is an international crime. It may also be so unthinkable to some that they forget or underestimate the risk. Both legal and practical strategies must be in place to prevent and stop human trafficking, reuniting children with their own relatives or placing them with responsible and loving adoptive parents after careful vetting. These, too, are "guiding principles."
The Elderly. Haitians who have lived to their 80s or 90s are, by definition, tough and resilient. They are also the bearers of culture, history, survival strategies, and family love. These mothers and fathers of the nation will need continuing medical care and emotional support. They will also be among those with the long memories and wisdom necessary to advise on transformative rebuilding.
Women. We've all seen the pictures in Haiti and elsewhere. After a disaster, as food aid and water trucks come in, the strongest young men push forward, leaving many women and children without. We've also seen that some are trying to provide for the women and children in their own families, but humanitarian workers know that distribution of aid to women is a partticular problem. There are reports that women-only aid distributions may finally be starting in Haiti, following the well-known truism that women tend to share the aid they receive within extended families and communities.
People with Disabilities. Unfortunately, the earthquake’s aftermath will increase significantly the number of people living with disabilities in Port-au-Prince and elsewhere in Haiti. Like others, they will need immediate medical care and other basic needs. But in a country where certain basic adaptive needs and jobs of all kinds are in short supply, they may experience social isolation, stigma, employment discrimination, and official neglect. Instead of warehousing the disabled in institutions, emphasis should be placed on rehabilitation, popular education about the capabilities of those with physical or intellectual disabilities, and even the creation of small businesses aimed at local adaptive needs.
Don’t Forget
By now, all readers are aware of the many organizations working toward a better life and human rights for the Haitian people. See posts by IntLawGrrls Diane Marie Amann; Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Naomi Norberg, Marjorie Florestal, and by me here.
Even if we are not in the region, we can pressure our own governments to enact or support just policies toward the country and its people. There will be other catastrophes, unfortunately, but don’t forget the joys and pain of Haiti.
In addition to Partners in Health, Oxfam America, TransAfrica Forum, and other groups previously mentioned in earlier posts, here are a few additional humanitarian and advocacy resources:
Guiding Principles
Positive initial reactions to disaster are often motivated by the best of what humanity has to offer. We’ve seen authentic miracles and authentic heroes and heroines go into and come out of the devastation. Their acts of courage and survival are beyond the confines of the law and legality. They rest firmly in morality and the resilience of the human spirit.
But even good intentions can be counter-productive or even harmful if states, humanitarian agencies, and ordinary people abandon the lessons of law and policy entirely. Transnational law helps to provide a much-needed framework for risk-reduction, preparedness, and responses that respect, protect, and fulfill human rights.
Here are a few key points from the “soft law” instruments (that draw on “hard” international treaties and customary norms) such as the “Hyogo Declaration on Disaster Reduction” (prior IntLawGrrls post) and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
State Responsibility. Although massive mobilization among charitable individuals and humanitarian organizations is essential and to be encouraged at a moment of crisis, the primary responsibility for reducing risk, preparing for disasters, and responding to them, rests with states. Where, as in the case of Haiti, there was significant logistical breakdown of the central government because of the disaster itself, the international community, in the form of the United Nations, must support legitimate governmental capacity in a coordinated way.
Why? NGOs, preferably those that are local or that have built long-term relationships with people on the ground often can move more quickly and determine key areas of need. They also have obligations to respect and protect human rights under the Guiding Principles. But it is governments that have the large-scale and sustainable capacity to provide earthmoving equipment, helicopters, planes, ships, and trucks, and to set up fully-equipped medical triage and treatment areas.
Obviously, individual small states, especially ones with already limited infrastructure, cannot do this alone where the needs of millions are involved. That is why, prior to disaster, all governments should be pressured to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law and to assist others in doing so. When called upon by a government in need or by an international body such as the UN, governments around the world should be ready to respond quickly, efficiently, and without inappropriate strings attached.
Preparedness and Risk-reduction
Some lessons have been learned from the South Asian Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and other environmental disasters. Although certain disasters cannot be prevented, many can be prepared for. Building codes can be established and enforced, levees can be built to appropriate strength, tsunami warning systems can be established. Trade and agricultural policies that force rural to urban migration and urban overcrowding can be changed. Emergency supplies can be decentralized (a lesson of the tsunami) so that they can be better and more widely distributed even when roads are impassable. Evacuation plans should be in place. Governments and the international community need not wait for the heart-rending photos and videos to appear before taking action.
Coordination
Media and eyewitness reports in Haiti indicate that coordination has been haphazard and slow. Among other things, the UN peacekeeping mission to Haiti lost many of its most experienced people on the ground when a key office building collapsed. The initial outpouring of compassion is crucial, but so is coordination and planning. First responders, aid agencies, community leaders, the news media, local police, and the military must set up triage stations throughout the affected areas, assess the most urgent needs, and drop cross-organization barriers to the exchange of information.
“Vulnerable” Groups
I sometimes resist using the term of art “vulnerable groups” in humanitarian contexts because it seems to reinforce the popular perception that all survivors of disaster or displacement are helpless. The heroism of many Haitian survivors should demonstrate that that is not the case.
Yet, indeed, certain groups tend to be the most targeted or neglected in the days and weeks following a disaster.
Children: Thousands of children lost parents in the disaster. Speaking of culture and community, many are, or will be, cared for by surviving relatives or neighbors. But the Haiti disaster was so extensive that thousands of children may be left without adult care or supervision because so many adults have been killed or severely injured. Providing clean water, emergency medical care, food, and shelter to children must be at the top of the agenda.
As difficult as it is even to write, there are reports of actual or attempted child trafficking of unaccompanied or orphaned children. Needless to say, trafficking in persons is an international crime. It may also be so unthinkable to some that they forget or underestimate the risk. Both legal and practical strategies must be in place to prevent and stop human trafficking, reuniting children with their own relatives or placing them with responsible and loving adoptive parents after careful vetting. These, too, are "guiding principles."
The Elderly. Haitians who have lived to their 80s or 90s are, by definition, tough and resilient. They are also the bearers of culture, history, survival strategies, and family love. These mothers and fathers of the nation will need continuing medical care and emotional support. They will also be among those with the long memories and wisdom necessary to advise on transformative rebuilding.
Women. We've all seen the pictures in Haiti and elsewhere. After a disaster, as food aid and water trucks come in, the strongest young men push forward, leaving many women and children without. We've also seen that some are trying to provide for the women and children in their own families, but humanitarian workers know that distribution of aid to women is a partticular problem. There are reports that women-only aid distributions may finally be starting in Haiti, following the well-known truism that women tend to share the aid they receive within extended families and communities.
People with Disabilities. Unfortunately, the earthquake’s aftermath will increase significantly the number of people living with disabilities in Port-au-Prince and elsewhere in Haiti. Like others, they will need immediate medical care and other basic needs. But in a country where certain basic adaptive needs and jobs of all kinds are in short supply, they may experience social isolation, stigma, employment discrimination, and official neglect. Instead of warehousing the disabled in institutions, emphasis should be placed on rehabilitation, popular education about the capabilities of those with physical or intellectual disabilities, and even the creation of small businesses aimed at local adaptive needs.
Don’t Forget
By now, all readers are aware of the many organizations working toward a better life and human rights for the Haitian people. See posts by IntLawGrrls Diane Marie Amann; Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Naomi Norberg, Marjorie Florestal, and by me here.
Even if we are not in the region, we can pressure our own governments to enact or support just policies toward the country and its people. There will be other catastrophes, unfortunately, but don’t forget the joys and pain of Haiti.
In addition to Partners in Health, Oxfam America, TransAfrica Forum, and other groups previously mentioned in earlier posts, here are a few additional humanitarian and advocacy resources:
► CharityNavigator (to obtain information about charitable organizations)
► Hope for Haiti Now (telethon-based effort)
► Hope for Haiti Now (telethon-based effort)
► Latin American and Caribbean Community Center (Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.-based advocacy organization)
► ReliefWeb (“serving the information needs of the humanitarian community”)
► ReliefWeb (“serving the information needs of the humanitarian community”)
► Save the Children (child-focused humanitarian aid)
►UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
►UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
