On July 30

On this day in ...
... 1893 (115 years ago today), Fatima Jinnah was born in Karachi, in what was then British India and is now Pakistan. Raised by her older brother after her father's death when she was a child, Jinnah was educated at Dr Ahmad Dental College, and in 1923 she opened her own dental clinic in Calcutta, "at a time when taking up a profession was considered inappropriate for girls from Muslim families." Eventually she gave up her practice to care for her extended family. She accompanied her brother, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, "the leader of Muslim India" and 1st leader of independent Pakistan, on official visits; she told his story in her posthumously published book, My Brother (1987). In 1941 she helped form the All India Muslim Women Students Federation. In 1965, she ran unsuccessfully for President of Pakistan. Jinnah, who died 2 years later in the city of her birth, was honored on the stamp at above left in 2003.
... 1942, half a year after the United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law the Navy Women's Reserve Act, establishing the WAVES -- Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service -- as a women's auxiliary agencyfor the U.S. Navy. "By the end of the war, over 84,000 women served in WAVES with 8,000 female officers, which constituted 2.5% of the US Navy's personnel strength."

On October 19, ...

... 2000, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda affirmed the conviction of Jean Kambanda, who'd been Prime Minister during the mass killings and brutality that took place in Rwanda in spring 1994. In upholding the Trial Chamber's 1998 judgment and sentence to life in prison, the Appeals Chamber made Kambanda, who'd been convicted by way of a guilty plea, the 1st head of state convicted by an international criminal tribunal since the post-World War II era, and the 1st person ever whom an international criminal trbunal convicted of genocide.
... 1944, following many months of urging by civil rights leaders, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the induction of African-American women into the previously all-white women's unit of the Navy. A Navy press release proclaimed: "The plan calls for the immediate commissioning of a limited number of especially qualified Negro women to serve as administrative officers." The branch, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, typically known as WAVES, itself had been established just 2 years earlier, thus marking a return of women to the Navy after a 23-year hiatus. The continuing role of African-American women in the Navy is reflected in the Vietnam-era recruiting poster above.